Some sedatives can work immediately, the effect lasting only a short time (for example, inhalants). While with other sedatives, it may take longer for the effect to be felt and dissipate more slowly. CNS sedatives slow down brain and body operations. Examples of CNS tranquilizers include alcohol, barbiturates, anti-anxiety tranquilizers (e.g., Valium, Librium, Xanax, Prozac, and Thorazine), GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate), Rohypnol, and many other antidepressants (e.g., Zoloft, Paxil). A drug is a substance that affects the functioning of the body. When a drug is classified as “illegal”, it means that it is prohibited by law. Different illicit drugs have different effects on people and these effects are influenced by many factors. This makes them unpredictable and dangerous, especially for young people. Hallucinogens are drugs that typically change the way a person perceives the world. These medications can change the way a person sees, hears, tastes, smells, or feels various things, including things that aren`t there at all. Some examples of hallucinogens are: ketamine, magic mushrooms, LSD. The principle of treatment in Chinese medical terminology is therefore to increase yin.
How this relates to important neurotransmitters is discussed below. Auricular acupuncture addresses this yin deficiency problem, thereby increasing the individual`s ability to exercise restraint and support overall improvement in well-being. As with other tranquilizers, treatment of a severe ethanol overdose requires respiratory support in an intensive care unit (Table 117-1). Hypovolemia, acid-base or electrolyte imbalance and abnormal temperature also require special attention. Intractable or violent patients should not be given sedatives (including neuroleptics) that can lead to stupor and respiratory depression. Analeptics are also contraindicated. Haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis may be considered for CEBs greater than 600 mg/dL; for severe acidosis; for very drunk children; and for simultaneous use of methanol, ethylene glycol or other dialyzable medications. Ethanol is often taken with other drugs, both legal and illegal. CVS effects: cardiovascular depression may occur after depression of the medullary vasomotor centers; Patients with underlying congestive heart failure (CHF) are more sensitive to these effects. At higher doses, cardiac contractility and vascular tone are impaired, which can lead to cardiovascular collapse.
Doctors have long recognized that different types of medications affect people differently. Nevertheless, medications can be classified or classified based on certain common symptoms or effects. The DRE categorization process is based on these long-standing and medically accepted facts. RTs classify drugs into one of seven categories: central nervous system (CNS) tranquilizers, CNS stimulants, hallucinogens, dissociative anesthetics, narcotic analgesics, inhalants and cannabis. Drugs in either of these classes can affect a person`s central nervous system and interfere with a person`s normal abilities, including a person`s ability to operate a motor vehicle safely. People who regularly take sedatives can develop addiction and tolerance for them. Tolerance means they have to take larger amounts of sedatives to achieve the same effect. People who rely on sedatives may find that drug use becomes more important than other activities in their lives. Food cravings can make it difficult to quit smoking with sedatives. In general, sedatives can be swallowed, drunk, injected, snorted or inhaled. The occurrence and effect of sedatives vary depending on the type and specific chemical.
Ethanol withdrawal after repeated administration may induce a seizure-prone state that may be triggered by acoustic stimuli and may lead to audiogenic seizures (AGS) in rodents (see Chapter 26). Therefore, network sites established in genetic audiogenic seizure models were evaluated in a series of experiments using the Majchrowicz frenzy protocol method.79 These experiments began with a single dose of ethanol, and the effects of this dose on neurons were evaluated in awake rats behaving in the proposed network to support ethanol withdrawal seizures80 (see Chapter 26). One hour after an anaesthetic dose (5 g/kg) ethanol (by gastric lavage), significant reductions in spontaneous and auditory neuronal discharges were observed. Spontaneous neuronal firing was reduced in all five structures studied, from 34% of preethanol control in a primary midbrain auditory nucleus (the lower colliculus, or CI) to the greatest inhibition (10.8% of control) in pontine BRF. The reduction in auditory evoked neuronal firing in IC to 55% of preethanol control was the smallest change and was significant only at the highest stimulus intensity (100 dB). Neurons in the PAG, lateral amygdala, BRF and deep layers of the upper colliculus (DLSC) all showed significant reductions in auditory reactivity at 18, 24, 27 and 29% of preethanol control values, respectively, and reductions were significant (85-100 dB) at all intensities tested.81-85 As mentioned in this chapter, enhancing the effect of GABA is an important mechanism of action. which is proposed for ethanol. and the reduction of firing to high stimulus intensities only in the IC is consistent with the GABA-mediated inhibition observed in IC86 (see Chapter 7).
The main reductions in BRF neuronal firing by ethanol are consistent with this agent`s ability to suppress consciousness (in which this brain region is heavily involved, as discussed in this chapter). However, acute exposure to ethanol stimulates a type of cerebellar GABAergic interneuron in free-moving animals, resulting in inhibition of cerebellar granular cells which, at higher doses, could contribute significantly to ethanol-induced ataxia.87 In the first period, tranquilizers relieve the user of anxiety, insomnia, increased calm and relaxation.
